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      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Auroræ: Their Characters and Spectra, by J. Rand Capron.
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	<!-- Chapitre 1_________________________________________________________-->
	<section class="chapter" id="chapter-1">

		<h3 class="titlechapter" id="chap-1">The aurora as known <br/>to the ancients </h3>
		<p class="shorter">The aurora as known to the ancients</p>


		<p>In Seneca’s ‘Quæstiones Naturales,’ Lib. I. c. xiv., we find the following:<span class="sidenote">Seneca’s ‘Quæstiones Naturales,’ Lib. I. c. xiv. Description of Auroræ.</span>—“Tempus est, alios quoque ignes percurrere,
			quorum diversæ figuræ sunt. Aliquando emicat stella, aliquando ardores sunt, aliquando fixi et hærentes,
			nonnunquam volubiles. Horum plura genera conspiciantur. Sunt <i>Bothynoë</i>&nbsp;<span class="footnote"><span class="greek">βόθυνος</span>, a hollow.</span> Seneca’s ‘Quæstiones Naturales,’ Lib. I. c. xiv. Description of Auroræ.</span>, quum velut corona cingente
			introrsus igneus cœli recessus est similis effossæ in orbem speluncæ. Sunt <i>Pithitæ</i>&nbsp;<span class="footnote"><span class="greek">πίθος</span>, a cask.</span>, quum magnitudo
			vasti rotundique ignis dolio similis, vel fertur vel in uno loco flagrat. Sunt <i>Chasmata</i>&nbsp;<span class="footnote"><span class="greek">χάσμς</span>, a chasm.</span>, quum aliquod
			cœli spatium desedit, et flammam dehiscens, velut in abdito, ostentat. Colores quoque omnium horum plurimi sunt. Quidam ruboris acerrimi, quidam evanidæ ac levis flammæ, quidam candidæ lucis, quidam micantes, quidam æqualiter et sine eruptionibus aut radiis fulvi.
		</p>

		<p class="separator"></p>

		<p><span class="sidenote">Seneca,c. xv.</span>C. xv. “Inter hæc ponas licet et quod frequenter in historiis legimus,
		cœlum ardere visum: cujus nonnunquam tam sublimis ardor est ut inter
		ipsa sidera videatur, nonnunquam tam humilis ut speciem longinqui incendii
		præbeat.</p>

		<p>“Sub Tiberio Cæsare cohortes in auxilium Ostiensis coloniæ cucurrerunt,
		tanquam conflagrantis, quum cœli ardor fuisset per magnam partem noctis,
		parum lucidus crassi fumidique ignis.”</p>

		<p>We may translate this:<span class="sidenote">Seneca,c. xv.</span>—“It is time other fires also to describe, of which
		there are diverse forms.</p>

		<p>“Sometimes a star shines forth; at times there are fire-glows, sometimes
		fixed and persistent, sometimes flitting. Of these many sorts may be distinguished.
		There are Bothynoë, when, as within a surrounding corona, the
		fiery recess of the sky is like to a cave dug out of space. There are Pithitæ,
		when the expanse of a vast and rounded fire similar to a tub (dolium) is either
		carried about or glows in one spot.</p>

		<p>“There are Chasmata, when a certain portion of the sky opens, and gaping
		displays the flame as in a porch. The colours also of all these are many.
		Certain are of the brightest red, some of a flitting and light flame-colour,
		some of a white light, others shining, some steadily and yellow without
		eruptions or rays.</p>

		<p class="separator"></p>


		<p>“Amongst these we may notice, what we frequently read of in history, the
		sky is seen to burn, the glow of which is occasionally so high that it may be
		seen amongst the stars themselves, sometimes so near the Earth (humilis) that
		it assumes the form of a distant fire. Under Tiberius Cæsar the cohorts ran
		together in aid of the colony of Ostia as if it were in flames, when the
		glowing of the sky lasted through a great part of the night, shining dimly
		like a vast and smoking fire.”</p>


		<p>From the above passages many striking particulars of the Aurora may be
		gathered; and by the division of the forms of Aurora into classes it is
		evident they were, at that period, the subject of frequent observation.
		The expression <span class="sidenote"> Auroræ frequently read of in history.</span>“et quod frequenter in historiis legimus” shows, too, that the
		phenomena of Auroral displays were a matter of record and discussion with
		the writers of the day.</p>

		<p>Various forms of Aurora may be recognized in the passages from Chap. xiv.;
		while in those from Chap. xv. a careful distinction is drawn between the
		Auroræ seen in the zenith or the upper regions of the sky, and those seen on
		the horizon or apparently (and no doubt in some cases actually) near the
		Earth’s surface.</p>


		<p>The description of the cohorts running to the fire only to find it an Aurora,
		calls to mind the many similar events happening in our own days. Not,
		however, but that a mistake may sometimes occur in an opposite direction.
		<span class="sidenote">A spurious Aurora.</span>“In the memoirs of Baron Stockmar an amusing anecdote is related of one
		Herr von Radowitz, who was given to making the most of easily picked up
		information. A friend of the Baron’s went to an evening party near Frankfort,
		where he expected to meet Herr von Radowitz. On his way he saw a
		barn burning, stopped his carriage, assisted the people, and waited till the
		flames were nearly extinguished. When he arrived at his friend’s house he
		found Herr von Radowitz, who had previously taken the party to the top of
		the building to see an Aurora, dilating on terrestrial magnetism, electricity,
		and so forth. Radowitz asked Stockmar’s friend, “Have you seen the beautiful
		Aurora Borealis?” He replied, “Certainly; I was there myself; it will soon
		be over.” An explanation followed as to the barn on fire: Radowitz was
		silent some ten minutes, then took up his hat and quietly disappeared.</p>


	</section>


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